Astronomy Classroom Aids
Teaching Astronomy can be difficult. These classroom aids can help.
How Old is the Solar System
Planetary Formation Theory Intro Circumstellar Disk Contents Circumstellar Disk Dust Planetesimals Sweeping Out Orbits Frost Line Meteorite Uranium and Lead Meteorite Lead-Lead Dating How Old is the Solar System
How Old are Stars
Introduction Giant Molecular Cloud Collapse Protostar Formation T Tauri Stars Main Sequence Star Lifetimes Solar Fusion Rates The Sun’s Coulomb Barrier Tunneling through the Coulomb Barrier When Stars Run Out of Hydrogen
How Old is the Earth-Moon System
The Giant Impact Hypothesis Oxygen Fractionation Radiometric Dating Intro Nuclear Radiation Half-Life Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometer Dating Zircon Oldest Earth and Moon Rocks
The Earth
Triangulating the Earth Distance to Lightning How High is the Sky How big is the Earth Distance to cities Distance Ladder – Introduction ‘How far away is it’ Preview
The Solar System
Heliocentrism Newton’s Universal Gravitation Parallax Mars Orbit Planets and Moons Dwarf Planets Asteroid Belt Lagrange Points Distance to the Sun Io and the Speed of Light Distance Ladder – Parallax Jupiter 2017 Water Vents on Europa Interstellar Asteroid 1I/2017 U1
Comets and the Heliosphere
The Heliosphere Sentinels of the Heliosphere Solar Storm Aurora Borealis Comets Comet Orbits Kuiper Belt and the Oort Cloud Shoemaker-Levy 9 67P Rosetta Mission Solar System Distances
Nearby Stars
Nearby Stars Introduction Celestial Sphere Parallax Stellar Parallax Alpha Centauri System Stellar Mass Star Motion – Barnards Star Stellar Neighborhood Star Luminosity Pollux-Arcturus-Capella-Castor Hipparcos Aldebaran, Mizar, HD 189773 Stellar Mass vs Luminosity Spica, Mira, Polaris, Antares Gaia Betelgeuse, Ch Cyg, Rigel Nearby Stars Summary
Distant Stars
Distant Stars Introduction Starlight Star Color and Blackbody Radiation Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram Main Sequence Star Evolution Fraunhofer Spectral Analysis Luminosity Classes V1331 Cyg – UY Scuti – WR 124 – AG Carinae Standard Candles Cepheid and RR Lyrae variable stars Zeta Geminorum – T Lyrae – Deneb – Mu Cephei Eta Carinae Monocerotis Hypervelocity Stars Distance Ladder with HR Diagram and Cepheid Standard Candles
Planetary Nebula
Astrophotography CCDs Helix Nebula Cat’s Eye Nebula Expansion Parallax Doppler Effect Dumbbell Nebula – Gomez’s Hamburger – IRAS 18059-3211 NGC 5189 Ring Nebula – Retina Nebula Red Rectangle – Ant Nebula and Butterfly Nebula Little Ghost Nebula and NGC 2440 Twin Jet Calabash NGC 6153 NGC 6572 Kohoutek 4-55 – Eskimo Nebula – NGC 6751 Boomerang Nebula – Red Spider Nebula SuWt 2 Starfish Nebula and NGC 5315 Necklace Nebula PK 329 NGC 6326 Distance Ladder – Expansion Parallax
Supernovae and Star Clusters
Supernovae and Star Clusters Introduction Supernovae to Neutron Stars Supernova Remnant Crab Nebula Pulsar Veil Nebula Type Ia Supernova Supernova 1006 with Ribbon Supernova RCW 86
Tycho Supernova SN 1572 Supernova Cassiopeia A and Light Echoes
Magnetars and Supernova RCW 103 Kepler’s Supernova SN 1604 Supernova Remnant N 63A
Supernova 1987A Finding Supernovae
Open Star Clusters Globular Star Clusters Distance Ladder – Type Ia SN and Globular Star Clusters
Star Birth Nebula
Reflection, Emission and Dark Nebula Rho Ophiuchi R Coronae Australis XZ and HL Tauri
Iris Nebula NGC 7023 The Great Orion Molecular Cloud V376 Cas and V633 Cas
Sharpless 2-106 Cone Nebula NGC 2264 Lagoon Nebula M8 Trifid Nebula Cat’s Paw Nebula NGC 6334
GGD 27 Monkey Head Nebula Omega Nebula Eagle Nebula Carina Nebula
Heart & Soul Nebula Statue of Liberty Nebula and NGC 3603 RCW 34 NGC 2467
NGC 3603 Distance Ladder – H II Regions
Appendix
Zwicky Transient Facility Zwicky Sees First Light
The Milky Way
Introduction Galactic Center Stellar Interferometry
Black Holes Black Hole Sagittarius A* Stellar Mass Black Hole J1820 Milky Way Disc Structure
Our Place in the Milky Way Milky Way Dust Milky Way Rotation Curve The Galactic Halo
Galaxy Imaging from Inside the Milky Way The Milky Way Photo Point Milky Way Distance Ladder Coverage
Appendix
Terzan 5 Core Star Cluster Magnetars Rotation Curve
Gaia’s LMC 2017 Runaway Star in the Orion Nebula
Andromeda and the Local Group
Andromeda The Local Galaxy Group The Triangulum Galaxy NGC 6822
IC 10 NGC 3109 Sextans A Milky Way Orbiting Galaxies Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy
Sculptor Dwarf Galaxy Fornax Dwarf Galaxy Magellanic Clouds
30 Doradus-Tarantula-R136-Hodge 301 SNR 0509 New Era for Supernova 1987A
Double Bubble LH 95 Star Cluster NGC 2074 NGC 1466 in LMC Star Cluster NGC 602
Star forming Region NGC 346 NGC 248 Local Group Conclusion
The Local Galaxy Volume
Meet the Neighbors NGC 4214 Centaurus A NGC 1569 M81
Holmberg IX M82 NGC 2976 Circinus Southern Pinwheel M83
NGC 6503 NGC 3344 Fireworks Galaxy M106
NGC 2787 NGC 4485 and 4490 M101 Pinwheel Galaxy Sombrero Galaxy M104
NGC 1512 Whirlpool Galaxy-M51 Density Wave Theory M74
M66 M96 Hubble Galaxy Classification Local Volume Distance Ladder
The Virgo Supercluster
Earth in the Virgo Supercluster NGC 4314 M77 NGC 1068 NGC 5866
M100 NGC 3949 M60 UCD1 Black Hole NGC 1427A NGC 3310 NGC 4013
I Zwicky 18 NGC 4522 NGC 4710 NGC 1316 NGC 4414 NGC 1300
NGC 2841 NGC 3079 NGC 1052 Hanny’s Voorwerp NGC 3982
NGC 5584 NGC 4639 NGC 4319 NGC 3021 NGC 3370 NGC 1309
NGC 7049 Hubble’s Law Virgo Supercluster Distance Ladder
Earth in the Virgo Supercluster
Local Superclusters
Galaxy Walls and Voids Hydra Supercluster NGC 3314 Centaurus Supercluster
NGC 4603 NGC 4622 Spins Backwards Polar Ring Galaxy NGC 4650A
NGC 4696 Black Hole Perseus-Pisces Supercluster Perseus Galaxy Cluster and NGC 1277
NGC 1275 Coma Supercluster Coma Galaxy Cluster NGC 4921 NGC 4911
Some Local Supercluster Distances Laniakea ESO 510-G13 NGC 6984
NGC 6782 ESO 137-001 NGC 5548 Black Hole ESO 243-49 HLX-1
Stephan’s Quintet NGC 1410 & 1409 D100 Loosing Gas ARP 127 & NGC 5679
Einstein Ring Hoag’s Object The Great Attractor Local Superclusters Big Picture
Colliding Galaxies
Introduction ARP 269 NGC 1510 & 1512 NGC 4302 & 4298 ARP 147
Cartwheel Galaxy Zw II 28 Arp-Madore 2026-424 Antennae Galaxies
NGC 2207 & IC 2163 NGC 3256 NGC 922 ESO 576-69 ARP 142
ARP 256 Markarian 266 Tadpole Galaxy ARP 273
The Mice NGC 4676 NGC 454 Arp 81 South America Galaxy
Peculiar galaxy NGC 7603 Galaxy Collision Stages
Andromeda Milky Way Collision Colliding Galaxies Conclusion
The Cosmos
The Cosmos Introduction Abell 2029 with IC1101 Markarian 205
Quasar 3C 273 El Gordo SN 2002dd SN UDS10Wil Gravitational Lensing
Dark Matter Discovery Bullet Cluster Dark Matter Dark Matter Gravitational Lensing
Expanding Space Cosmic Distance and Visible Horizon Accelerating Expansion
Cosmic Scale Factor Cosmological Redshift Dark Energy Surface of Last Scattering
CMB Radiation Fabric of the Cosmos Cosmic Distance Ladder
Edwin Hubble on Space Explorations
Milky Way
2016 Gaia Update Trumpler 14 Bubble Nebula Crab Nebula Pulsar
Terzan 5 Core Star Cluster Magnetars Rotation Curve
Gaia’s LMC 2017 Runaway Star in the Orion Nebula
Galaxies
NGC 248 Star Cluster R136 in Ultraviolet Eta Carinae’s twin in M51
Kiso 5639 NGC 4696 GOODS Survey Star Collapses into a Black Hole
Some Interacting Galaxies Merging Neutron Stars Gravitational Wave
Brown Dwarfs
Brown Dwarf Rho-Oph 102 Brown Dwarf Formation Brown Dwarf Classifications
Gravity from Rocks to Gas Giants Hydrostatic Equalibrium Electron Pressure
Deuterium Fusion The Smallest Star A Nearby Brown Dwarf
Brown Dwarfs in the Orion Nebula NGC 1333
Blackbody Radiation
Starlight Star Color Planck’s Constant
Dark Matter
Discovery Galactic Dark Matter Intergalactic Dark Matter Dark Matter in the Sculptor Dwarf Galaxy Dark Matter Candidates
Redshift
Spectroscopy Doppler Effect Cosmological Redshift
Supernova
Supernovae Introduction Supernova Remnant Crab Nebula Pulsar
Type Ia Supernova Finding Supernovae
Annual Reviews:
Introduction Dart Update Parker Solar Probe Chamaeleon I LAWD 37 Fomalhaut Update NGC 1333 Brown Dwarfs in IC 348 Webb view of 2 Herbig-Haro Objects Webb view of the Crab Nebula Webb view of Cassiopeia A Webb view of Wolf-Rayet 124 Finding an IMBH in M4 (maybe) Webb view of NGC 346 Dwarf Galaxy UGC 8091 Arp 220 Finding a Black Hole’s Mass by the Distortions it Creates Runaway Black Hole Astrochemistry in the Iris Nebula Intergalactic Stars Fishhook and Quyllur through El Gordo Early Galaxy Proto-Cluster Early and Oldest Galaxies ESA Euclid Space Telescope 1st Release 2023 Review Credits
2022 Review – Hubble and James Webb
Earth from GOES-18 James Webb – Mars-Jupiter-Neptune
Didymos Protostar L1527 Wolf-Rayet 140
Pillars of Creation James Webb – 1st Release Collage
Tarantula Nebula Supernova 2013ge Henize 2-10 Black Hole
Phantom Galaxy Galaxy Group Arp 143 Hickson Compact Group 40
Galactic Dust in VV191b 2022 Review Credits
JWST – 30 Doradus and the Tarantula Nebula
JWST – 1st Release Introduction
JWST – LMC JWST – Carina Nebula JWST – Southern Ring
JWST – NGC 7496 M74 NGC 628 JWST – Cartwheel Galaxy
JWST – Stephan’s Quintet JWST – Deep Field – SMACS 0723-73
JWST – 2022 1st Release Review Credits
JWST-Hubble- Earendel – 1st Population III Star (maybe)
2021
2021 Review – Music free Version 2021 Review Introduction
James Webb Space Telescope Update Trojan Asteroid 2019 LD 2
Jupiter Red Spot Winds Bennu Sample Returns New Stars in Orion
Canis Majoris Hydrogen-Burning White Dwarfs AG Carinae
SNR 1E 0102 SN 2020fqv in NGC 4568
No Dark Matter in NGC1052-DF2 NGC 2276 IC 5063
GRB 200522A Molten Ring Galaxy Requiem Supernova
Double Quasars Hamilton’s Object 2021 Mars Missions
2020
2020 Review – Music Free Version 2020 Introduction
Summer Saturn Jupiter Storms Comet NEOWISE
Fomalhaut b Betelgeuse HBC 672 Bat Shadow Movement
NGC 7027 Orion Flythrough Westerlund 2
Wolf–Rayet star WR 124 The Fading Stingray Nebula
Milky Way Central Bulge Stars LHA 120-N150
NGC 1805 NGC 2014 & NGC 2020 NGC 2188
NGC 5585 NGC 2835 Supernova in NGC 2525
UGC 2885 First Stars James Webb Space Telescope
Galactic Dust – WR 140 The Early Universe
2019
2019 Review – Music free version 2019 Introduction Comet 2I Borisov
Southern Crab Nebula NGC 1466 in LMC Pan-STARRS1 Surveys
NGC 4485 and 4490 Bedin 1 ESO 495-21 Henize 2-10
D100 Loosing Gas Arp-Madore 2026-424 GRB 190114C
Sunburst Arc Galaxy Hubble Legacy Field M87 Jet Superluminal Motion
Relativistic Beaming M87 EHT Black Hole Image Event Horizon Telescope
2018
2018 Review – Music free version 2018 Introduction Saturn’s Northern Lights
Landing on Asteroid Ryugu IC 63 – The ghost of Cassiopeia Serpens Nebula – HBC 672
Spatial Scanning NGC 6397 Milky Way Bulge Stars
GAIA Data Release 2 NGC 3344 M100 in Focus
NGC 1052 – DF2 NGC 3256 NGC 1277
Coma Star Clusters ARP 256 Abell 370 Survey
Icarus Hubble Deep Ultraviolet Brown Dwarf Teide 1
Brown Dwarf Rho-Oph 102 Brown Dwarf Formation Brown Dwarf Classifications
Gravity from Rocks to Gas Giants Hydrostatic Equilibrium Electron Pressure
Deuterium Fusion The Smallest Star A Nearby Brown Dwarf
Brown Dwarfs in the Orion Nebula NGC 1333 2018 Review Credits
2017
2017 Review – Music free version 2017 Introduction Jupiter 2017
Water Vents on Europa Interstellar Asteroid 1I/2017 U1 Gaia’s LMC
Dark Matter in Sculptor New Era for SN 1987A Type 1A Survivor N103B
Runaway Star in Orion Star Collapses into a Black Hole Zwicky Sees First Light
Type 1A Gravitational Lensing Some Interacting Galaxies An Early Dead Galaxy
Gamma Ray Bursts Merging Neutron Stars’ Gravitational Wave A Trip Through the Deep Field
2016
2016 Review – Music free version 2016 Introduction Solar Flares
Mars at Opposition 2016 Juno Reaches Jupiter Rosetta Mission Ends
Gaia Update 2016 Trumpler 14 Bubble Nebula
Crab Nebula Pulsar Terzan 5 Milky Way Core Star Cluster
Magnetars Milky Way Rotation Curve NGC 248
Star Cluster R136 in Ultraviolet Eta Carinae’s Twin in M51
Kiso 5639 NGC 4696 GOODS Survey Zwicky Transient Facility
2015
2015 review – Music Free Version 2015 Introduction HH 24 in Orion
Veil Nebula in Motion Eagle Nebula in Infrared White Dwarfs in the Central Bulge
GAIA 2015 Update Andromeda in 4K Local Void and NGC 6503 Hanny’s Voorwerp Laniakea
Dark Matter Discovery Galactic Dark Matter Intergalactic Dark Matter Dark Matter Candidates